unit+2

part 1.

Define: divine right of kings, attribute, restraint, common- wealth, consensus, natural rights, hypo- thetical, mutual divine right of kings: the doctrine that kings derive their authority from God attribute: regard something as being caused by someone or something restraint: a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control or within limits common- wealth: an independent country or community, esp. a democratic republic. consensus: general agreement natural rights: Many philosophers and political scientists make a distinction between natural rights and legal rights. hypo- thetical: are situations, statements or questions about something imaginary rather than something real. mutual: (of a feeling or action) experienced or done by each of two or more parties toward the other or others Identify: Elizabeth I, Puritans, Charles I, Oliver Cromwell, Charles II, James II, William of Orange, John Locke. (choose 4 to complete trading cards for, list the information for the remaining Identify section entries)

Questions:

1 - List the three great political events of the late 17th century 2 - What principle did the Glorious Revolution introduce? 3 - What could happen to an individual who questioned a monarch? 4 - What quote is attributed to King Louis XIV? What do you think he meant by saying it? 5 - Who ruled England from 1485 to 1603? 6 - Describe the "Act of Supremacy." 7- Why did Elizabeth have to work so hard on religious conflicts? 8 - List 5 issues that the puritans had and wanted corrected in the Anglican church? 9 - What was a major conflict between parliament and James I? 10 - What event started the 11 year tyranny? What were the Years of the tyranny? 11 - When did the English Revolution begin? 12 - The english revolution was between what two groups? (list who each group supported) 13 - What was the reaction of Europe when Charles I was executed? 14 - What was the "rump Parliament?" 15 - What was the "Exclusion Bill" and why was it passed? What were the results? 16 - When did parlament offer the throne to William and Mary? What was the condition? 17 - What was the Toleration Act of 1689 and what did it do? (you may need to go to wikipedia) 18 - Who was John Locke and what did he write in his Two Treatises of Government? 19 - Summarize Locke's Natural Rights/Social Contract theory. (Use wikipedia) 20 - Which revolutions used Locke's ideas?

1. The Glorious Revolution the American Revolution and the French Revolution 2. The glorious revolution introduced the principle that the king must bow to the representative body in the nation 3. They could be put to death and considered sinners 4. "I am the state" What I think me meant that "anything that happens to France, happens to me" 5. the tudor family 6. The king became the head of the church 7. Because her sister was trying to bring back Catholicism 8. they thought that individual worshippers should focus on spiriual things at church not indulge on their senses with organ music, stained glass and incense, wanted a congregation to independent of the government elect their own ministers, they had an issue with the prayer book 9. James doesn't listen to parliament 10. He wouldn't let parliament meet at all- years 1629-1614 11. 1642 12. Cavaliers and Roundheads 13. Europe was horrified 14. The people in the parliament that agree with Cromwell 15. no catholic king passed in 1681. It resulted in two political factions Wigs and Tories. 16. 1689. If they would accept the bill of rights. 17. was an act of the English Parliament. granted freedom of worship to Nonconformists who had taken the oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy 18.John locke believed that before society humans were tranquil and equal. 19. The notion of the social contract implies that the people give up sovereignty to a government or other authority in order to receive or maintain social order through the rule of law. It can also be thought of as an agreement by the governed on a set of rules by which they are governed.

20. American and French Revolution

part 2.

Define: philosophe: were the intellectuals of the 18th century Enlightenment. Few were primarily philosophers; rather they were public intellectuals who applied reason to the study of many areas of learning, including philosophy, history, science, politics, economics and social issues. evidence: the available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid affect: have an effect on; make a difference to deism: belief in the existence of a supreme being, specifically of a creator who does not intervene in the universe. separation of powers: an act of vesting the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of government in separate bodies. concept: an abstract idea; a general notion social contract: an implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits, for example by sacrificing some individual freedom for state protection. laissez-faire: a policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering. salon: a reception room in a large house.

Identify: Isaac Newton, Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Adam Smith, Cesare Beccaria, Denis Diderot, Mary Wollstonecraft.

Adam Smith (baptised 16 June 1723 – June 1723 – 17 July 1790]) was a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of [|political economics]. One of the key figures of the[|Scottish Enlightenment], Smith is the author of [|The Theory of Moral Sentiments] and [|An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations]. Cesare Beccaria: Cesare, Marquis of Beccaria-Bonesana (March 15, 1738 – November 28, 1794) was an [|Italian] [|philosopher] and [|politician] best known for his treatise [|//On Crimes and Punishments//] (1764), which condemned [|torture] and the [|death penalty], and was a founding work in the field of [|penology]. Denis Diderot: (October 5, 1713 – July 31, 1784) was a [|French] philosopher, art critic, and writer. He was a prominent figure during the [|Enlightenment] and is best-known for serving as co-founder and chief editor of and contributor to the [|Encyclopédie].

Diderot also contributed to literature, notably with [|Jacques le fataliste et son maître] (Jacques the Fatalist and his Master), which emulated [|Laurence Sterne] in challenging conventions regarding novels and their structure and content, while also examining philosophical ideas about [|free will]. Mary Wollstonecraft: 27 April 1759 – 10 September 1797. was an eighteenth-century [|British] writer,[|philosopher], and advocate of [|women's rights]. During her brief career, she wrote novels, treatises, a [|travel narrative], a history of the[|French Revolution], a [|conduct book], and a children's book. Wollstonecraft is best known for [|A Vindication of the Rights of Woman](1792), in which she argues that women are not naturally inferior to men, but appear to be only because they lack education. She suggests that both men and women should be treated as rational beings and imagines a social order founded on reason.

QUESTIONS
 * 1) What types of people made up the philosophes?
 * 2) Name two heros of the enlightenment?
 * 3) What did John Lock say about people's mind when they were born?
 * 4) Where was the enlightenment centered?
 * 5) What were the major themes of the enlightenment?

1. writers, professors, journalists, economists, and social reformers 2. John Locke and Isaac Newton 3. John locke said that when infants were born their minds were blank. 4. Paris 5. reason, natural, hope and progress.

6 - What was Voltaire's real name? 7 - What is the difference between "affected" and "effected"? 8 - Why did Voltaire oppose the Catholic Church? 9 - Montesquieu was the first? 10 - What were the three governments Montesquieu identified? 11 - Montesquieu thought there should be a " _ of powers" which means? 12 - What american document has Montesquieu's ideas?

6. François-Marie Arouet 7. affect is a verb and effect is a noun 8. the catholic church supported absolution. 9. political scientist 10. republics, despotism, monarchies 11. separation 12. the United States Constitution.

QUESTIONS 13 - How did Rousseau make a living in his early life? 14 - Rousseau believed in a " contract" 15 - Under Rousseau's theory "the general will ___" 16 - What did Rousseau believe about education? 17 - What did Rousseau think about the roll of women?

13. wandering through france and italy holding odd jobs for low pay 14. The social Contract 15. represent whats best for the people. 16. Rousseau argues that education should foster and not restrict children natural instincts. 17. His ideas were not very advanced. a woman needs a soft life. How much care and tenderness does she need to hold her family together. He thoughts woman should learn obedience and nurturing skills so that they could care for there husbands and children.

QUESTIONS 18 - Briefly describe the philosophes and the physiocrats 19 - According to smith, what were the three basic rolls of government? 20 - Briefly outline the effect of enlightenment thinking on punishments for crime?

18. Philosophes believed that scientific methods could be used to study society. Physiocrats argued that if individuals were free to pursue their economic self-interests, everyone would be better off in the end. 19. protecting society from invasions (the army), keeping up certain public works, such as roads and canals, that private individuals could not afford, and defending citizens from injustice (the police). 20. Punishments were often cruel. Government felt extreme punishments were necessary to deter crime because their police forces were weak and thus unable to capture criminals.

QUESTIONS 21 - What was a major weapon for philosophes, who wrote it, and when? 22 - List the three main ways enlightenment ideas were spread? 23 - Provide a basic biography of Marie-Therese de Geoffrin. (Use wikipedia) 24 - Who wrote the Declaration of Independence and who was a major influence on him?

21. the encyclopedia. written by Denis Diderot between 1751 and 1772 22. encyclopedia, salons, and magazines 23.(June 26, 1699 - October 6, 1777) has been referred to as one of the leading female figures in the French Enlightenment. From 1750-1777, Madame Geoffrin played host to many of the most influential Philosophes and Encyclopédistes of her time. Madame Geoffrin demonstrated qualities of politeness and civility that helped stimulate and regulate intellectual discussion. Her actions as a Parisian salonnière exemplify many of the most important characteristics of Enlightenment sociability. 24. thomas jefferson; john locke




 * Unit Two Part Three: **

Define**:**
 * colony: a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country, typically a distant one, and occupied by settlers from that country.**
 * Stamp Act: an act of the British Parliament in 1756 that exacted revenue from the American colonies by imposing a stamp duty on newspapers and legal and commercial documents. Colonial opposition led to the act's repeal in 1766 and helped encourage the revolutionary movement against the British Crown.**
 * tension: a strained state or condition resulting from forces acting in opposition to each other.**
 * correspondence: communication by exchanging letters with someone.**
 * Declaration of Independence: a document declaring the U.S. to be independent of the British Crown, signed on July 4, 1776, by the congressional representatives of the Thirteen Colonies, including Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and John Adams.**
 * Articles of Confederation: the original constitution of the U.S., ratified in 1781, which was replaced by the U.S. Constitution in 1789.**
 * federal system: is a political concept in which a group of members are bound together by covenant.**
 * amendments: a change or addition to a legal or statutory document**
 * Bill of Rights: the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1791 and guaranteeing such rights as the freedoms of speech, assembly, and worship. The English constitutional settlement of 1689, confirming the deposition of James II and the accession of William and Mary, guaranteeing the Protestant succession, and laying down the principles of parliamentary supremacy.**
 * assembly: a group of people gathered together in one place for a common purpose.**

Identify**:**
 * William Pitt the Elder: (15 November 1708 – 11 May 1778) ater the first Earl of Chatham, was the driving force behind the British victory in the Seven Years War, known as the French and Indian War in North America. The extensive triumph was instrumental in establishing a truly global empire. Pitt was born in Westminster, England, the son of a prominent family whose wealth had been made in India.**


 * King George III: (June 4, 1738, January 29, 1820) He was the son of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and the grandson of George II. George III was the first of the House of Hanover to be born and educated as an Englishman. He had high but impractical ideas of kingship. George III was the longest reigning of the male British monarchs. George III was king of Great Britain and Ireland and presided over the loss of the American colonies.**


 * George Washington: (Feb. 22, 1732,December 14, 1799) His early education included the study of such subjects as mathematics, surveying, the classics, and "rules of civility." was the dominant military and political leader of the new United States of America from 1775–1797, leading the American victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War as commander in chief of the Continental Army, and presiding over the writing of the Constitution in 1787. As the unanimous choice to serve as the first President of the United States**

(choose 2 to complete trading cards for, list the information for the remaining Identify section entries)
 * Thomas Jefferson: (April 13, 1743 – July 4, 1826)was the third President of the United States (1801–1809) and the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776). Jefferson was one of the most influential Founding Fathers, known for his promotion of the ideals of republicanism in the United States. Jefferson envisioned America as the force behind a great "Empire of Liberty" that would promote republicanism and counter the imperialism of the British Empire.**





questions: Why did Britain establish colonies in North America? What effect did Parliament have on the legislatures of the American colonies? How did each of the 13 colonial legislatures function? What was the reason for war with the French in North America? Why did the British want new revenues from the colonies after the Seven Years’ War? What did the stap act of 1765 require? What types of goods did parliament pass new taxes on? What did the Stamp Act require? How did colonists avoid paying taxes on non-British imports? Why did the colonists disapprove of the Declaratory Act? Describe the Boston Tea Party? What was the Boston Massacre? (use wikipedia) What were the British looking for in Concord and Lexington? What did Thomas Paine argue in Common Sense? Who was the commander of the continental army? Who were the loyalist? What ideas of John Locke did Jefferson express in the Declaration of Independence? What did the 1783 Treaty of Paris recognize, and what did it grant the Americans? What other country(s) supported the colonies during the revolution? Who was the general of the British troops that surrendered at Yorktown? What is the federal system? What was the document that first organized the colonies? Who were the framers? Who's ideas did they use to create the new government? Why did many colonists demand a Bill of Rights be added to the Constitution? How many amendments were in the Bill of Rights? What documents influenced the Bill of Rights? What geographic area was influenced by events in the colonies?

1. They attracted many settlers and become prosperous. 2. The Parliament was in charge of the legislatures. 3. They functioned like a miniature Parliament and made it's own laws. 4. for that control of North America, especially the Ohio River. 5. They would be used to cover war costs and to pay the expenses for keeping an army. 6. they wanted printed materials, such as legal documents and newspapers, carry a stamp showing that a tax had been paid to Britain. 7. basic goods 8. they wanted printed materials, such as legal documents and newspapers, carry a stamp showing that a tax had been paid to Britain. 9. They were smuggling the goods. 10. Because it took away all the power of the colonies. They now had no right to make laws, pass taxes, or anything. 11. was a direct action by colonists in Boston, a town in the British colony of Massachusetts, against the British government. On December 16, 1773, after officials in Boston refused to return three shiploads of taxed tea to Britain, a group of colonists boarded the ships and destroyed the tea by throwing it into Boston Harbor. 12.Also know as the Boston riot, was an incident that led to the deaths of five civilians at the hands of British troops on March 5, 1770, the legal aftermath of which helped spark the rebellion in some of the British American colonies, which culminated in the American Revolutionary War. A heavy British military presence in Boston led to a tense situation that boiled over into incitement of brawls between soldiers and civilians and eventually led to troops discharging their muskets after being attacked by a rioting crowd. Three civilians were killed at the scene of the shooting, eleven were injured, and two died after the incident. 13. The arms and supplies of the militias. 14. It argued for American's independence from British control. 15. George washington 16. were American colonists who remained loyal to the Kingdom of Great Britain (and the British monarchy) during the American Revolutionary War. 17. like john Locke, jefferson stated that life, liberty, and property are natural rights. 18. It recognized the independence of the American colonies. It granted the Americans control of the western territory form the Appalachians to the Mississippi River. 19.The French 20.eneral Cornwallis 21. are both a political and philosophical concept that describes how power is given to governments. Federal systems may vary widely in application, but all feature a central government with specific powers over the whole union. 22. the constitution. 23.The British 24.Benjerman Franklin 25.So they could make sure the government wouldn't gain too much power 26. there were 10 amendments 27.The Magna Carta 28. central and south america

Diagram: 1. Judicial 2. Legislative 3. Executive