unit+11

= = =**PART 1** =

Nationalism in the Middle East


 * Define:**

genocide - the deliberate killing of a large group of people. ethnic cleansing - the mass expulsion or killing of members of an unwanted ethnic or religious group in a society. eliminate - completely remove or get rid of (something) establish - et up (an organization, system, or set of rules) on a firm or permanent basis


 * Identify:**


 * Abdulhamid II -**

21/22 September 1842 – 10 February 1918 he was the 34th sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He oversaw a period of decline in the power and extent of the Empire, ruling from 31 August 1876 until he was deposed on 27 April 1909 he was born in Topkapı Palace He was a skilled carpenter and personally crafted most of his own furniture he was also interested in opera and personally wrote the first-ever Turkish translations of many opera classics.


 * T. E. Lawrence -**

16 August 1888 – 19 May 1935 he was a British Army officer renowned especially for his liaison role during the Arab Revolt against Ottoman Turkish rule of 1916–18 Lawrence's public image was due in part to American journalist Lowell Thomas' sensationalised reportage of the revolt as well as to Lawrence's autobiographical account Seven Pillars of Wisdom (1922). He was born at Gorphwysfa in Tremadog, Caernarfonshire (now Gwynedd), Wales. From 1907 Lawrence was educated at Jesus College, Oxford. During the summers of 1907 and 1908.


 * Atatürk -**

1881–10 November 1938 he was an Ottoman and Turkish army officer, revolutionary statesman, writer, and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of the modern Turkish state.  His military campaigns gained Turkey independence  He was born either in the Ahmed Subaşı neighbourhood


 * Reza Shah Pahlavi -**

March 16, 1878 – July 26, 1944 He established a system of government that could revitalized the targets of the Constitutional Revolution of Iran where for the first time Iranians were seeking for the rulers who do not remain in power for eternity His father Major Abbas Ali Khan (Dadash Beg) was born c. 1815, became commissioned in the 7th Savadkuh Regiment, and served in the Anglo-Persian War in 1856. He married five (or seven) wives his attempts at modernisation have been criticised for being "too fast"


 * Ibn Saud -**

15 January 1876 – 9 November 1953 he was the first monarch of the Third Saudi State known as Saudi Arabia. He was commonly referred to as Ibn Saud. he was born in 1876 in Riyadh, in the region of Najd in central Arabia. He lived with his family in a simple dwelling.


 * DIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions as you read Section 1.**

1. Which empire did the European nations call “the sick man of Europe”? 2. How did the British seek to undermine Ottoman rule in the Arabian Peninsula? 3. What is the deliberate mass murder of a particular racial, political, or cultural group called? 4. List three changes that came about in Turkey as a result of Ataturk’s reforms. 5. After he led a mutiny to seize control of Tehran, how did Reza Shah Pahlavi try to change Iran? 6. Where did the Middle Eastern states originate? 7. What did reform leader Ibn Saud help create in the northern part of the Arabian Peninsula? 8. Identify the document that the British government issued to express support for a national home for the Jews in Palestine. 9. How did the British try to end the violence in Palestine in 1939? Did it work?

**Part 2**

Nationalism in Africa and Asia = = = = = Define: = = aware - having knowledge or perception of a situation or fact = = Pan-Africanism - the principle or advocacy of the political union of all the indigenous inhabitants of Africa. = = Mahatma - (in the Indian subcontinent) a person regarded with reverence or loving respect; a holy person or sage. = = civil disobedience - the refusal to comply with certain laws or to pay taxes and fines, as a peaceful form of political protest. = = zaibatsu - a large Japanese business conglomerate. = = integrity - the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles; moral uprightness =


 * Identify:**

February 23, 1868 – August 27, 1963, an intellectual leader in the United States as sociologist, historian, civil rights activist, Pan-Africanist, author, and editor
 * W. E. B. DuBoi -**

17 August 1887 – 10 June 1940, a Jamaican publisher, journalist, entrepreneur, and orator who was a staunch proponent of the Black Nationalism and Pan-Africanism movements, to which end he founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League
 * Marcus Garvey-**

2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948, the pre-eminent political and ideological leader of India during the Indian independence movement.
 * Mohandas Gandhi-**

14 November 1889–27 May 1964, an Indian statesman who was the first (and to date the longest-serving) prime minister of India, from 1947 until 1964.
 * Jawaharlal Nehru-**

19 May 1890 – 2 September 1969, a Vietnamese Marxist revolutionary leader who was prime minister (1945–1955) and president (1945–1969) of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam). He formed the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and led the Việt cộng during the Vietnam War until his death.
 * Ho Chi Minh-**


 * DIRECTIONS: Fill in the blanks below as you read Section 2.**

Black Africans had fought in World War I in (1) ** XXXXX ** and French armies. Many Africans hoped they would be rewarded with (2) ** XXXXX ** after the war. Most (3)** XXXXX **leaders, how- ever, were not ready to give up their colonies. The colonies stripped from (4) ** XXXXX ** after World War I were awarded to Great Britain and France, who then controlled most of Africa. As more Africans became aware of the enormous gulf between Western (5) ** XXXXX ** and (6) ** XXXXX **, they decided to seek reform. In (7) ** XXXXX **, Harry Thuku was arrested for protesting (8) ** XXXXX ** taxes. By the 1930s, an increasing number of African leaders were calling for independence, not (9) ** XXXXX **.

Young African leaders who had studied abroad were especially influenced by the ideas of (10) ** XXXXX ** and (11) ** XXXXX **. Garvey, a Jamaican who lived in Harlem in New York City, stressed the need for the unity of all Africans, a movement known as (12) ** XXXXX **. Léopold Senghor organized an independence movement in (13) ** XXXXX **.

Mohandas Gandhi had become active in the movement for Indian (14) ** XXXXX ** before World War I. The independence movement in India (15) ** XXXXX ** into two paths. One identified with Gandhi and was (16) ** XXXXX **. The other identified with (17) ** XXXXX ** and was secular, Western, and modern.

During the first two decades of the twentieth century, Japan moved toward a more (18) ** XXXXX ** government. But by the 1930s, the Japanese govern- ment was dominated by the (19) ** XXXXX ** and other supporters of Japanese expansionism. Founded in 1919, the Communist International, or (20) ** XXXXX **, was a worldwide organization of Communist parties dedicated to spreading revolution. By the end of the 1920s, practically every colonial society in Asia had a (21) ** XXXXX ** party.


 * Part 3**

Revolutionary Chaos in China


 * Define:**

guerrilla tactics, conflicts inwhich a small group of combatants including, armed civilians use military tactics, such as ambushes, sabotage, raids, the element of surprise, and extraordinary mobility to harass a larger and less-mobile traditional army, or strike a vulnerable target, and withdraw almost immediately. pursue, follow (someone or something) in order to catch or attack them constitutional, relating to an established set of principles governing a state : a constitutional amendment. redistribution of wealth: the transfer of income, wealth or property from some individuals to others caused by a social mechanism such as taxation, monetary policies, welfare, nationalization, charity or tort law.


 * Identify:**

(1866–1925), Chinese statesman; provisional president of the Republic of China 1911–12 and president of theSouthern
 * Sun Yat-sen-**

1923–25. He organized the Kuomintang force and established a secessionist government at Guangzhou.
 * Chinese Republic-**

(1887–1975), Chinese statesman and general; president of China 1928–31 and 1943–49 and of Taiwan 1950–75. He tried to unite China by military means in the 1930s but was defeated by the Communists. Forced to abandon mainland China in 1949, he set up a separate Nationalist Chinese State in Taiwan.
 * Chiang Kai-shek-**

also known as the April 12 Incident, was a large-scale purge of Communists from the Kuomintang (KMT) in Shanghai, ordered by Chiang Kai- shek on 12 April 1927, during the Northern Expedition against the warlords.
 * Shanghai Massacre-**

(1893–1976), Chinese statesman; chairman of the Communist Party of the Chinese People's Republic 1949–76; head of state 1949–59. A cofounder of the Chinese Communist Party in 1921 and its effective leader from the time of the Long March (1934–35), he eventually defeated both the occupying Japanese and rival Kuomintang nationalist forces to create the People's Republic of China in 1949.
 * Mao Zedong-**

People's Liberation Army. The armed forces of the People's Republic of China, including all its land, sea, and air forces. The PLA traces its origins to an unsuccessful uprising by communist-led troops against pro-Nationalist forces in Jiangxi (Kiangsi) province on August 1, 1927, a date celebrated annually as its anniversary.
 * PLA-**


 * Part 4**


 * Define:**


 * oligarchy-** a small group of people having control of a country, organization, orinstitution
 * stimulate**- raise levels of physiological or nervous activity in
 * maintain-** cause or enable (a condition or state of affairs) to continue


 * Identify:**

24 July 1857 – 17 December 1935 was a military generaland de facto ruler of Venezuela from 1908 until his death in 1935.
 * Juan Vicente Gómez-**

foreign policy of the administration of United States President Franklin Roosevelt toward the countries. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the United Statesperiodically intervened militarily in Latin America nations to protect itsinterests, of Latin America.
 * Good Neighbor policy-**

July12, 1852 – July 3, 1933, was twice President of Argentina
 * Hipólito Irigoyen-**

April 19, 1882–August 24, 1954
 * Getúlio Vargas-**

controlled the major groups in society, The official party of the Mexican Revolution.
 * PRI-**

May 21, 1895 - October 19, 1970, was President ofMexico from 1934 to 1940.
 * Lázaro Cárdenas-**

PROJECT

★ BACKGROUND After World War I, many colonies of the British Empire expected reforms or independence as recognition for their support during the war. In most cases, however, independence did not come automatically. Nationalist movements in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East had to fight for reforms and independence.

★TASK You are part of a group that is preparing a radio interview program for the British Broadcasting Radio Network in the 1920s or 1930s. Three members of your group will be leaders or members of nationalist groups from three different British colonies. Three others in your group will be interviewers. All of you must prepare for your roles by learning as much as possible about the conflict that will be dis- cussed in the interview. People being interviewed will express the viewpoint of nationalists, while the interviewers will express the viewpoint of those in the British Empire who want to maintain the status quo.

★ AUDIENCE Your audience will be radio listeners in the British Empire, including people in the countries represented on the program as well as in England and other British colonies.

★ PURPOSE The purpose of your interview questions or responses will be to convince people in both England and the relevant colonies of the validity of either the status quo or independence.

★ PROCEDURES 1. Decide which members of your group will be interviewers and which members will be interviewed. Decide which colonies will be represented. 2. Work as interviewer/interviewee pairs. First, reread the sections of your textbook that are relevant to your country. Then do additional research about the nationalist movement of that country during the period between 1919 and 1939. Copy quotes and facts about the movement onto note cards and summarize any significant events. Find out what arguments were offered against independence. 3. Interviewers should develop a list of questions for the interview and give a copy to the interviewees, who will then prepare answers. 4. Present your interviews in the form of a radio program before the rest of the class, or tape-record the interviews ahead of time and “broadcast” them.