chapter+11

=****Chapter 11 Project:**** = = = =****Part One:**** =

labor: work, hard physical work demilitarized: remove all military forces from appeasement: pacify or placate (someone) by acceding to their demands achieve: reach or attain (a desired objective, level, or result) by effort, skill, or courage conference: a formal meeting for discussion New Order: Hitler's planned reorganization of Europe under Nazi rule. assume: take or begin to have (power or responsibility) sanction: a threatened penalty for disobeying a law or rule
 * Define:**

Adolf Hitler: 20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945 was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party commonly known as the Nazi Party. He was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and served as head of state as //Führer und Reichskanzler// from 1934 to 1945. Hitler is most remembered for his central leadership role in the rise of fascism in Europe, World War II and theHolocaust.
 * Identify:**

Benito Mussolini: 29 July 1883 – 28 April 1945 was an Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party and is credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of Fascism. Mussolini became the 40th Prime Minister of Italy in 1922 and began using the title //Il Duce// by 1925. After 1936, his official title was "//His Excellency Benito Mussolini, Head of Government, Duce of Fascism, and Founder of the Empire//". Mussolini also created and held the supreme military rank of First Marshal of the Empire along with King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, which gave him and the King joint supreme control over the military of Italy. Mussolini remained in power until he was replaced in 1943; for a short period after this until his death, he was the leader of the Italian Social Republic.

Joseph Stalin: 18 December 1878 – 5 March 1953 was the first General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee from 1922 until his death in 1953. While formally the office of the General Secretary was elective and was not initially regarded as top position in the Soviet state, after Vladimir Lenin's death in 1924, Stalin managed to consolidate more and more power in his hands, gradually putting down all opposition groups within the party. This included Leon Trotsky, the Red Army organizer, proponent of world revolution, and principal critic of Stalin among the early Soviet leaders, who was exiled from the Soviet Union in 1929. Instead, Stalin's idea of socialism in one country became the primary line of the Soviet politics.

Chiang Kai-shek: October 31, 1887 – April 5, 1975 was a political and military leader of 20th century China. He is known as **Jiǎng Jièshí** or **Jiǎng Zhōngzhèng** in Mandarin. Chiang was an influential member of the Nationalist Party, the Kuomintang (KMT), and was a close ally of Sun Yat-sen. He became theCommandant of the Kuomintang's Whampoa Military Academy, and took Sun's place as leader of the KMT when Sun died in 1925. In 1928, Chiang led the Northern Expedition to unify the country, becoming China's nominal leader. He served as Chairman of the National Military Council of the Nationalist government of the Republic of China (ROC) from 1928 to 1948. Chiang led China in theSecond Sino-Japanese War, during which the Nationalist government's power severely weakened, but his prominence grew.


 * Questions**:

**1. Where did Hitler plan to find the land he felt he needed to make Germany a great power?** - He demanded a part of neighboring Czechoslovakia - the Third Reich - These steps were in direct violation of the Treaty of Versailles. - The Rome-Berlin Axis. - He boasted that the agreement meant “peace for our time.” - He triumphantly declared that he would be known as the greatest German of them all. - He signed the Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact which meant that Germany and the Soviet Union would not attack each other but also meant the treaty gave Hitler the freedom to attack Poland. September 1, german forces invaded Poland. - Because they had natural resources that Japan needed. - Japan assumed that the two countries would ultimately launch a joint attack on the Soviet Union and divide Soviet resources between them. - Japan’s military leaders, guided by Hideki Tojo, decided to launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European colonies in Southeast Asia.
 * 2. What was the name given to the Aryan racial state that Hitler thought would dominate Europe for a thousand years?**
 * 3. When Hitler announced the creation of an air force, and expanded the German army, what agreement did he violate?**
 * 4. What did Mussolini call the new alliance between Italy and Germany?**
 * 5. What did Neville Chamberlain boast of when he returned to England from the conference in Munich in 1938?**
 * 6. What did Hitler declare in Prague on March 15, 1939?**
 * 7. Name the act committed by German forces that prompted Britain and France to declare war on Hitler.**
 * 8. Why did Japan seize Manchuria in 1931?**
 * 9. Why did Japan begin to cooperate with Nazi Germany in the late 1930s?**
 * 10. How did Japan react when the United States threatened economic sanctions unless Japan returned to its borders of 1931?**

=** Part Two: ** =

blitzkrieg: an intense military campaign intended to bring about a swift victory isolationism: a policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups. the political affairs of other countries neutrality: an impartial and uninvolved country or person indefinite: lasting for an unknown or unstated length of time partisan: a strong supporter of a party, cause, or person
 * Define:**


 * Identify:**
 * Franklin D. Roosevelt: ** January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945 pronounced also known by his initials, **FDR** was the 32nd President of the United States (1933-1945) and a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war. The only American president elected to more than two terms, he forged a durable coalition that realigned American politics for decades. FDR defeated incumbent Republican Herbert Hoover in November 1932, at the depths of the Great Depression. FDR's combination of optimism and activism contributed to reviving the national spirit.Working closely with Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin in leading the Allies against Germany and Japan in World War II, he died just as victory was in sight.


 * Douglas MacArthur: ** General of the Army **Douglas MacArthur** (January 26, 1880 – April 5, 1964) was an American general and field marshal of the Philippine Army. He was a Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II. He received the Medal of Honor for his service in the Philippines Campaign. Arthur MacArthur, Jr., and Douglas MacArthur were the first father and son to each be awarded the medal. He was one of only five men ever to rise to the rank of general of the army in the U.S. Army, and the only man ever to become a field marshal in the Philippine Army.


 * Winston Churchill: ** Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was a British politician and statesman known for his leadership of the United Kingdom during the Second World War (WWII). He is widely regarded as one of the great wartime leaders. He served as Prime Minister twice. A noted statesman and orator, Churchill was also an officer in the British Army, a historian, a writer, and an artist. To date, he is the only British prime minister to have received the Nobel Prize in Literature, and he was the first person to be made an honorary citizen of the United States.


 * Harry S. Truman: **Harry S. Truman **(**May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) was the 33rd President of the United States (1945–1953). As President Franklin D. Roosevelt's third vice-president and the 34th Vice President of the United States (1945), he succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945, when President Roosevelt died less than three months after beginning his historic fourth term.


 * Questions:**

On December 7, 1941, Japanese aircraft attacked the U.S. naval base at (13)** Pearl Harbor **in the Hawaiian Islands. The United States now joined with European nations and (14)** Nationalist China **in a combined effort to defeat Japan. (15)** Germany **and the United States were at war four days after the Pearl Harbor attack. At the beginning of 1943, the Allies, Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union, agreed to fight until the Axis powers, Germany, Italy, and Japan, sur- rendered (16)** unconditionally **. By the fall of 1942, the war had turned (17)** against **the Germans. On June 6, 1944, Allied forces under U.S. general Dwight D. Eisenhower landed on the (18)** Normandy **beaches in history’s greatest naval invasion. Hitler committed (19)** suicide **on April 30, 1945, and German commanders surrendered on May 7. In Asia, U.S. President Harry S Truman made the difficult decision to use (20)** atomic **weapons against Japan and avoid an invasion of Japan. After the bombing of (21)** Hiroshima **and (22)** Nagasaki **, Japan surrendered on August 14, 1945.**
 * Hitler stunned Europe with the (1) ** speed **and (2)** efficiency **of his attack on Poland. His (3)** blitzkrieg, **or “lightning war,” used panzer divisions supported by airplanes. Within four weeks, Poland had (4)** surrendered **. At the beginning of August 1940, the German air force launched a major offensive against (5)** Britain **. German planes bombed British (6)** air and naval bases **, (7)** harbors **, (8)** communication centers **, and (9)** war industries **. Hitler invaded the (10)** Soviet Union **on June 22, 1941. An early (11)** winter **and fierce Soviet (12)** resistance **halted the German advance.

=****Part Three:**** =


 * Define:**
 * implement: ** a tool, utensil, or other piece of equipment, esp. as used for a particular purpose or put (a decision, plan, agreement, etc.) into effect
 * genocide: ** the deliberate killing of a large group of people, esp. those of a particularethnic group or nation
 * adjust: ** adapt or become used to a new situation
 * collaborator: ** work jointly on an activity, esp. to produce or create something or cooperate traitorously with an enemy

Heinrich Himmler: 7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945 was //Reichsführer// of the SS, a military commander, and a leading member of the Nazi Party. As Chief of the German Police and later the Minister of the Interior, Himmler oversaw all internal and external police and security forces, including the Gestapo (Secret State Police). Serving as//Reichsführer// and later as Commander of the Replacement (Home) Army and General Plenipotentiary for the entire Reich's administration (//Generalbevollmächtigter für die Verwaltung//), Himmler rose to become one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany as well as one of the persons most directly responsible for the Holocaust.
 * Identify:**

Reinhard Heydrich: 7 March 1904 – 4 June 1942 was a high-ranking German Nazi official. He was a general and //General der Polizei//, chief of the Reich Main Security Office and //Stellvertretender Reichsprotektor// (Deputy Reich-Protector) of Bohemia and Moravia. In August 1940, he was appointed and served as President of Interpol. Heydrich chaired the 1942 Wannsee Conference, which discussed plans for the deportation and extermination of all Jews in German-occupied territory. In an operation named Operation Anthropoid, he was attacked in Prague on 27 May 1942 by British-trained Czech agents who had been sent to assassinate him in Prague. He died approximately one week later due to his injuries.


 * Questions**:

I. In 1942, the Nazi regime stretched from the ** English Channel ** to ** the outskirts of Moscow **. A. ** Heinrich Himmler ** moved Slavic people in the East and replaced them with ** Germans **

B. By summer, 1944, seven million Europeans were ** forced **

to work for the Nazis.

II. The Final Solution in Hitler’s Europe was ** genocide ** of the Jewish people. A. The Einsatzgruppen were SS death squads whose job was to kill Jews by mass murder.

B. Six ** extermination ** centers were built in Poland for mass executions of Jews. C. The Germans killed between five and six ** million **Jews.

D. The mass slaughter of European civilians, especially Jews, is called the ** Holocaust **. E. Many children were evacuated from cities to avoid the ** bombing ** campaigns. 1. The Germans created 9,000 camps for children in the ** countryside **. 2. In Japan, 15,000 children were evacuated from ** Hiroshima ** before its destruction.

III. The Japanese conquered Southeast Asia under the slogan **" Asia for the Asiatics. ”** A. Economic ** recourses ** of the colonies were used for the Japanese war machine. B. Indonesians were required to bow in the direction of ** Tokyo **.

C. Over 12,000 Allied prisoners of war and 90,000 workers died while working on the ** Burma-Thailand ** railway.

=** Part Four: ** =

mobilization - prepare and organize (troops) for active service impact - the action of one object coming forcibly into contact with another kamikaze - a Japanese aircraft loaded with explosives and making a deliberate suicidal crash on an enemy target. alternative - available as another possibility Cold War - a state of political hostility existing between countries, characterized by threats, violent propaganda, subversive activities, and other measures short of open warfare, in particular
 * Define:**

Albert Speer: March 19, 1905 – September 1, 1981) was a German architect who was, for a part of World War II, Minister of Armaments and War Production for the Third Reich. Speer was Adolf Hitler's chief architect before assuming ministerial office. As "the Nazi who said sorry", he accepted responsibility at the Nuremberg trials.
 * Identify:**

General Hideki Tojo: (30 December 1884 – 23 December 1948) was a Japanese general in the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA), a leader of the Taisei Yokusankai, and the 40th Prime Minister of Japan during much of World War II, from 18 October 1941 to 22 July 1944. Some historians hold him responsible for the attack on Pearl Harbor, which led to America entering World War II. After the end of the war, Tōjō was sentenced to death for war crimes by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and hanged on 23 December 1948.


 * Questions**:

1. Even more than World War I, World War II was a ** total ** war in which fighting was much more widespread and covered most of the world. 2. Eventually the United States became the ** arsenal ** of the Allied powers, producing much of the military equipment needed by the Allies. 3. Over a million ** African Americans ** moved from the rural South in the United States, to the cities of the North and West, looking for jobs in industry. 4. On the West Coast, 110,000 ** Japanese Americans **were removed to camps and required to take loyalty oaths. 5. Hitler refused to cut ** consumer goods ** production or to increase production of ** armaments **during the first two years of the war. 6. Young Japanese were encouraged to volunteer to serve as pilots in ** suicide ** missions against U.S. fighting ships at sea. 7. The first sustained use of ** civilian ** bombing began in early September 1940, as Londoners took the first heavy blows from the German air force. 8. The ferocious bombing of Dresden created a ** firestorm ** that may have killed as many as 100,000 inhabitants and refugees. 9. Fearing high U.S. casualties in a land invasion of Japan, President Truman and his advisers decided to drop the atomic bomb on ** Hiroshima ** and ** Nagasaki **in August 1945. 10. At the Tehran Conference, the Soviet Union, the United States, and Great Britain agreed to a ** partition ** of postwar Germany. 11. ** Stalin **said, “A freely elected government in any of these East European countries would be anti-Soviet, and that we cannot allow.” 12. In March 1946, the former British prime minister Winston Churchill declared that ** "an iron curtain" ** had descended across the continent of Europe. 13. While many in the West thought Soviet policy was part of a global ** Communist ** conspiracy, the Soviets viewed Western, and especially American, policy as nothing less than global capitalist ** expansionism **.