Unit+4

Unit 4

Part 1

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Enclosure movement: the process which was used in order to end some traditional rights, such as [|mowing] [|meadows] for [|hay], or [|grazing] [|livestock] on land which is owned by another person, or a group of people. =====

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Industrial Capitalism: an economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated for a private profit; decisions regarding supply, demand, price, distribution, and investments are made by private actors in the free market; profit is distributed to owners who invest in businesses, and wages are paid to workers employed by businesses and companies. =====

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Socialism: a theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole. =====

Part Two conservatism: person who is averse to change and holds to traditional values andattitudes, typically in relation to politics. stability: solidity, steadiness,strength, security, safety. beneficial: favorable or advantageous; resulting in good principle of inter- vention- It was a principle of intervention liberalism: a supporter or member of a Liberal Party. universal male suffrage: consists of the extension of the right to vote to adult citizens (or subjects) as a whole, though it may also mean extending said right to minors and non-citizens. multinational state: is a sovereign state which is viewed as comprising two or more nations.

Part Three militarism: the belief or desire of a government or people that a country shouldmaintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use itaggressively to defend or promote national interests. reliance: dependence on or trust in someone or something levy: impose a tax, fee, or fine on kaiser: historical the German emperor, the emperor of Austria, or the head of the Holy Roman Empire plebiscite: the direct vote of all the members of an electorate on an importantpublic question such as a change in the constitution. emancipation: set free, esp. from legal, social, or political restrictions successor: a person or thing that succeeds another abolitionism: a person who favors the abolition of a practice or institution, esp. capital punishment or (formerly) slavery secede: withdraw formally from membership in a federal union, an alliance, or a political or religious organization

Part Four romanticism: a movement in the arts and literature thatoriginated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration,subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual abandon: give up completely secularization: denoting attitudes, activities, or other things that have no religious or spiritual basis organic evolution: is the change in the inherited traits of a population of organisms through successive generations adapt: make (something) suitable for a new use or purpose natural selection: the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environmenttend to survive and produce more offspring variation: a change or difference in condition, amount, or level, typically with certain limits controversy: disagreement, typically when prolonged, public, and heated realism: the attitude or practice of accepting a situation as it is and beingprepared to deal with it accordingly


 * 1) When and where did the Industrial Revolution begin?
 * 2) What six factors contributed to the start of the Industrial Revolution?
 * 3) What four inventions advanced the production of cotton cloth?
 * 4) What effect did the steam engine have on the coal and iron industry?
 * 5) What was the Rocket?
 * 6) Why did factories begin to require workers to work in shifts?
 * 7) What three countries were the first to be industrialized in continental Europe?
 * 8) What happened in 1853 that showed Japan the importance of industrial power?
 * 9) What change took place in the American labor force between 1800 and 1860?
 * 10) What two classes of people emerged in the European society of the Industrial Revolution?

1. Great Britian 2. A) Britain was producing much more food in the eighteenth century because its agriculture had improved. More farmland, better transportation, and new crops like the potato dra- matically increased the food supply. More people could be fed at lower prices with less labor. B) with more abundant food supplies, the population increased dramatically. At the same time, Parliament passed laws in the 1700s that allowed landowners to fence off common lands. As a result of this enclosure movement, many peasants were forced to move to towns to find work. Britain thus had a plentiful supply of labor. D) Britain had a ready supply of money, or capital, to invest in the new industrial machines and the factories needed to house them. Some wealthy people, called sought new business opportunities and new ways to make profits. C) natural resources were plentiful in Britain. The country’s many rivers provided the water power for the steam engine, as well as transportation for raw materials and finished products. The British landscape was also rich in the coal and iron ore that was necessary for manufacturing. D) Britain had a relatively free society. Its gov- ernment did not heavily regulate the economy, and ideas also circulated freely. Inventors and capitalists felt they had the freedom to act on their ideas. E) the British had a ready market in their vast empire, and British ships could transport manufac- tured goods anywhere in the world. At home, too, the market was growing because the population was growing. Since food was cheaper, the mass of the population were able to buy more than just their daily bread. With demand expanding, capitalists— those with money to invest—had a huge incentive to find methods to expand production. 3. flying shuttle, spinning jenny, a water-powered loom, Improved steam engine. 4. Inventors found ways to use coal more efficiently. 5. a train. 6. Because factory owners wanted their machines producing goods constantly 7. Great Britain, Belgium and France 8. Matthew Perry steered his steam-powered ship into the Japanese harbor and demanded that Japan trade with the United States 9. the population of the United States grew from about 5 million to 30 million 10. Middle Class and Working Class.

After the defeat of (1) ** xxxxx **, European rulers moved to restore the old order with (2) ** xxxxx **, (3) ** xxxxx **, (4) ** xxxxx **, and (5) ** xxxxx ** in power. This goal was addressed at the Congress of (6) ** xxxxx ** in September 1814.

The arrangements made at this Congress were a victory for rulers who wanted to contain the new forces unleashed during the (7) ** xxxxx ** Revolution. Their political philosophy, based on tradition and social stability, is known as (8) ** xxxxx **. The great powers assumed the right of intervention whereby they could send armies into countries where there were revolutions in order to keep (9) ** xxxxx ** in power.

Liberals believed in the protection of (10) ** xxxxx ** liberties, or the basic rights of all people. Most liberals favored a (11) ** xxxxx ** monarchy in which a king must follow the law. They thought that the right to vote should be open only to people with (12) ** xxxxx **. These attitudes were (13) ** xxxxx ** attitudes.

(14) ** xxxxx ** in the nineteenth century arose out of people’s awareness of being part of a community with common institutions. People with a common language and traditions began to feel that they were the (15) ** xxxxx **. (16) ** xxxxx ** feared the implications of such thinking and fought the forces of nationalism.

Nationalistic/liberal thinking led to (17) ** xxxxx ** in the countries of Europe. The (18) ** xxxxx ** of France was finally overthrown in 1848. Cries for change led many German rulers to promise (19) ** xxxxx **, a free press, and jury trials. In Vienna, Austria, revolutionary forces took control of the (20) ** xxxxx ** and demanded a liberal constitution. Soon, however, the united front of moderate liberals and more radical nationalists throughout Europe was weakened by disagreements over their goals, and so (21) ** xxxxx ** forces were able to regain control.

1.Napoleon 2.Great Britain 3.austria 4.russia 5.prussia 6.Vienna 7.French 8.conservatism 9.the new balance 10.basic civil 11.limited 12.property 13.middle class 14.nationalism 15.the nation 16.ethnic and religious groups 17.the break through conservative domination 18.The monarchy 19.constitutions 20.capital 21.the conservatives

I. The Crimean War was the result of a struggle between ** xxxxx **and the ** xxxxx **. A. Russia was interested in expanding its power into the ** xxxxx **. B. Fearful of Russian power,** xxxxx **and ** xxxxx **declared war on Russia. C. The Crimean War destroyed the ** xxxxx **of Europe.

II. On March 17, 1861, King Victor ** xxxxx ** II proclaimed a new kingdom of Italy.

III. Under Bismarck, Prussia organized the Northern German states into a ** xxxxx **. A. In 1870,** xxxxx **armies defeated an entire French army and the French ruler. B. The southern German states agreed to enter the ** xxxxx ** German Confederation.

IV. By giving the ** xxxxx **class a voice in rule, Britain avoided revolution in 1848.

V. The French were defeated in a war with the ** xxxxx ** and the Second Napoleonic Empire fell.

VI. The ** xxxxx ** of1867created dual monarchies in Austria and Hungary.

VII. The ** xxxxx ** of Alexander II in 1881 returned Russia to the old methods of repression.

VIII. In December 1860, a South Carolina convention voted to ** xxxxx **, or withdraw, from the United States.

IX. The end of the American Civil War meant that the United States would be “one nation, ** xxxxx **.”

1. Russia 2. Ottoman Empire 3. Eastern Europe 4. Britain 5. France 6. Old Concert 7. Emmanuel 8. North German Confederation 9. Prussian 10. Northern 11. industrial middle class 12. Prussians 13. Compromise 14. Assassination 15. secese 16. indivisable

1. The ** xxxxx ** emphasized the feelings, emotion, and imagination of the individual artist or writer. 2. Many romantic writers in England lived during the early ** xxxxx **, and they often expressed a horror of the conditions they saw. 3. Romantics loved to think about past ages, especially ** xxxxx ** times. 4. The exotic and ** xxxxx ** also attracted many romantics. 5. Chilling examples of romantic literature are Mary Shelley’s ** xxxxx ** in Britain and Edgar Allen Poe’s short stories of horror in the United States. 6. ** xxxxx ** and other romantic poets believed science had reduced nature to a cold object of study. 7. Romantic artists believed art was a reflection of the artist’s inner ** xxxxx **. 8. Romantic trends also dominated ** xxxxx ** the first half of the nineteenth century. 9. ** xxxxx ** said, “I must write, for what weighs on my heart, I must express!” 10. In biology, Frenchman Louis Pasteur proposed the ** xxxxx ** theory of disease. 11. In Great Britain, Michael Faraday put together a primitive generator that laid the foundation for the use of 12. Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, a theory that each kind of plant and animal had ** xxxxx ** over a long period of time. 13. Darwin’s ideas raised a storm of ** xxxxx **. 14. Literary realists wanted to write about ** xxxxx ** characters from actual life rather than romantic heroes in exotic settings.
 * xxxxx ** current.

1. Romantics 2. Industrial Revolution 3. Medieval Times 4. unfamiliar 5. Frankenstein 6. Wordsworth 7. inner feelings 8. Music 9. Beethoven 10. germ 11. electric 12. evolved 13. controversy 14. ordinary